Who shares investors, who earns the money, and what promotion really changes.
01 Shared investors 2026-27
Links include minority stakes. Sharing an investor does not mean sharing a controlling owner.
Choose an investor above to see another connection. Club pages show the stakes, ownership chains and sources.
Premier League clubs have a multi-club investor recorded.
A closer look · Lower-tier finances
21 clubs made a profit. Only 5 did it more than once. Follow the income, the costs and the accounting gains behind the results.
Read the finding & explore the clubs02 The revenue divide Portugal · 2023-24
Porto did too. Benfica, Porto and Sporting CP together account for 78% of the revenue in this sample.
Revenue before player sales. 17 Primeira Liga clubs with comparable accounts; the sample does not cover the whole league.
See the accounts and calculationsOne season. The same revenue measure.
Benfica€179.0m
Porto€126.3m
Sporting CP€103.2m03 What promotion changes Italy
The average first-season change in a club’s net result after promotion. More income does not always cover the extra costs.
15 promotions
The club’s annual result improved, on average.
46 promotions
The club’s annual result got worse, on average.
FIGC ReportCalcio · 2019-20 to 2023-24. Income includes player trading; costs and net results are the report’s separate accounting figures.
Compare every move The Serie C finding04 Owners abroad Spain · 2026-27
4 of 20 clubs controlled from abroad
14 of 22 clubs controlled from abroad
Each block is a club. Joint control counts when at least one controller is based abroad.
Compare every country and tier05 Member ownership 2026-27
Members retain control, including clubs where investors hold a stake. Top-flight clubs only.
See who owns each tier06 After a takeover Deals completed in 2017–24
Today’s tier versus the season the club changed hands. The sample covers 46 clubs in Spain, Portugal and Italy.
Only surviving clubs still in covered leagues are included. These outcomes do not establish that the takeover caused them.
See all 46 clubsAmong the clubs that climbed
More findings, with the full figures and sources.
Every finding uses sourced records in Clubs DB. How the data is made
Liverpool
Milan
Toulouse
